Oxoperoxovanadium Complexes of Hetero Ligands: X-Ray Crystal Structure, Density Functional Theory, and Investigations on DNA/BSA Interactions, Cytotoxic, and Molecular Docking Studies.

Oxoperoxovanadium (V) complexes [VO (O)2 (nf) (bp)] (1) and [VO (O)2 (ox) (bp)] (2) based on 5-nitro-2-furoic acid (nf), oxine (ox) and 2, 2' bipyridine (bp) bidentate ligands have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible, mass, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The structure of complex 2 shows distorted pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry, as confirmed by a single-crystal XRD diffraction study. The interactions of complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) are investigated using UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. It has been observed that CT-DNA interacts with complexes through groove binding mode and the binding constants for complexes 1 and 2 are 8.7 × 103 M-1 and 8.6 × 103 M-1, respectively, and BSA quenching constants for complexes 1 and 2 are 0.0628 × 106 M-1 and 0.0163 × 106 M-1, respectively. The ability of complexes to cleave DNA is investigated using the gel electrophoresis method with pBR322 plasmid DNA. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of the complexes is evaluated against the HeLa cell line using an MTT assay. The complexes are subjected to density functional theory calculations to gain insight into their molecular geometries and are in accordance with the results of docking studies. Furthermore, based on molecular docking studies, the intermolecular interactions responsible for the stronger binding affinities between metal complexes and DNA are discussed.

DNA Interaction and Cytotoxic studies on Mono/Di-Oxo and Peroxo- Vanadium (V) complexes - A Review.

Vanadium is considered to be biologically significant and several vanadium IV & V complexes have successfully been studied as chemotherapeutic agents like insulin mimetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The divergent ligand systems also play a pivotal role in designing the metal complex with desired properties. Thus, the combination of both with their synergistic advantages results in a potential drug candidate. Different mechanistic pathways have been proposed to explain the antitumor effects of vanadium complexes, including induction of tyrosine residues phosphorylation, inhibition of key protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), which in turn promote the activation of the extracellular regulated kinase cascading (ERK) pathway. In the current review, we have summarized the work on vanadium (V) complexes based on different ligand systems and their biological significance as an anticancer lead compound.